Verdade, erro,justiça,tirania, felicidade, liberdade, igualdade, fraternidade, solidariedade, beleza, fealdade, seriedade, Estado, sociedade civil, religião, mocidade, velhice, branco, preto, esperança, saudade, juventude, política, educação, liderança, instrução, cultura, ciência, família, paraíso, espiritual, fé, razão, virtude, virtual, vício, democracia, dogma, opinião, direito, natureza, experiência, inteligência, louvor, razão, valor, conhecimento, victória, derrota, amigo, inimigo, viloência, privilégio, coragem, destino, seiva, sangue, primavera, inverno, verão, outono, analógico, ascetismo, bem-aventurança, metodismo, amado, amante, falsidade, virilidade, fado,morávios.
As palavras que nos saltam aos olhos e que vamos registando, todas de grande significado, mas que por vezes parecem dizer o que não dizem e muito mais do que dizem e significam.
Sunday, 4 July 2010
Monday, 12 April 2010
Broken Windows Theory
"In 1969, Stanford University (USA), Prof. Phillip Zimbardo conducted an experiment in social psychology. He left two abandoned vehicles on public roads, two identical cars, the same make, model and even color. One left in Bronx at the time a poor area of New York and confrontational, the other in Palo Alto, an area rich and tranquil California. Two identical cars abandoned neighborhoods with two very different populations and a team of experts in social psychology studying the behavior of people in each site.
Resulted in the car abandoned in Bronx began to be vandalized within hours. Lost wheels, engine, mirrors, radio, etc.. They took everything that was good enough and what could not take they destroyed. In contrast, the abandoned car in Palo Alto has remained intact.
It is common to attribute the causes of crime to poverty.
Assignment in the ideological positions that match more conservative (right and left). However, the experience in question does not end there, when the car abandoned in the Bronx was already broken and the Palo Alto a week ago was impeccable, the researchers set off a glass of the car in Palo Alto.
The result was that triggered the same process as the Bronx, and theft, violence and vandalism reduced the vehicle to the same state as that of the poor neighborhood. Why the broken glass in the car abandoned in a supposedly safe neighborhood, is able to shoot an entire criminal process?
It is not poverty. Evidently it is something that has to do with human psychology and social relations.
A broken glass in an abandoned car conveys a sense of deterioration, disinterest, disregard of which will break the codes of coexistence, as the absence of law, norms, rules, and anything goes. Each new attack that the car suffers reaffirms that idea and multiplies until the escalation of acts worse and worse, becomes uncontrollable, ending in irrational violence.
In later experiments (James Q. Wilson and George Kelling), developed the 'broken windows theory', the same as a point of view criminalistics, concludes that the crime is greater in areas where carelessness, dirt, disorder and abuse are greater.
If one part of a window glass of a building and nobody notices, will very quickly all the other parties. If a community shows signs of deterioration and it seems not to matter to anyone, so there it will generate offense.
If we commit "minor faults' (parking in a forbidden place, exceeding the speed limit or going on a red light) and they are not sanctioned, then get the biggest faults and soon more and more serious crimes. If we allow violent behavior as normal development of children, the pattern of development will be more violence when these people are adults.
If the parks and other public spaces are deteriorated progressively abandoned by most people (who no longer leave their homes for fear of the gangs), these same spaces are gradually being abandoned by people employed by criminals.
The broken windows theory was first applied in the mid 80s in the metro New York, which had become the most dangerous spot in town. It began by tackling small transgressions: graffiti decaying place, dirt of the seasons, drunkenness among the public to pay passage evasion, petty theft and disorder. The results were evident. Starting at the small we were able to make the subway a safer place.
Later, in 1994, Rudolph Giuliani, mayor of New York, based on the broken windows theory and experience from meter, drove a policy of 'Zero Tolerance'.
The strategy was to create communities clean and orderly, not allowing violations to the law and norms of urban life.
The practical result was a huge decrease in all crime rates in New York City.
The term 'Zero Tolerance' sounds like a kind of solution authoritarian and repressive, but its main concept is much more to prevention and promotion of social security. It is not lynch the offender and arrogance of the police, in fact, about the abuses of authority should also apply zero tolerance.
There is zero tolerance in relation to the person who commits the crime, but zero tolerance to self delito. This is to create communities clean, orderly, respectful of the law and basic codes of human social life."
SOURCE: On-Line
Resulted in the car abandoned in Bronx began to be vandalized within hours. Lost wheels, engine, mirrors, radio, etc.. They took everything that was good enough and what could not take they destroyed. In contrast, the abandoned car in Palo Alto has remained intact.
It is common to attribute the causes of crime to poverty.
Assignment in the ideological positions that match more conservative (right and left). However, the experience in question does not end there, when the car abandoned in the Bronx was already broken and the Palo Alto a week ago was impeccable, the researchers set off a glass of the car in Palo Alto.
The result was that triggered the same process as the Bronx, and theft, violence and vandalism reduced the vehicle to the same state as that of the poor neighborhood. Why the broken glass in the car abandoned in a supposedly safe neighborhood, is able to shoot an entire criminal process?
It is not poverty. Evidently it is something that has to do with human psychology and social relations.
A broken glass in an abandoned car conveys a sense of deterioration, disinterest, disregard of which will break the codes of coexistence, as the absence of law, norms, rules, and anything goes. Each new attack that the car suffers reaffirms that idea and multiplies until the escalation of acts worse and worse, becomes uncontrollable, ending in irrational violence.
In later experiments (James Q. Wilson and George Kelling), developed the 'broken windows theory', the same as a point of view criminalistics, concludes that the crime is greater in areas where carelessness, dirt, disorder and abuse are greater.
If one part of a window glass of a building and nobody notices, will very quickly all the other parties. If a community shows signs of deterioration and it seems not to matter to anyone, so there it will generate offense.
If we commit "minor faults' (parking in a forbidden place, exceeding the speed limit or going on a red light) and they are not sanctioned, then get the biggest faults and soon more and more serious crimes. If we allow violent behavior as normal development of children, the pattern of development will be more violence when these people are adults.
If the parks and other public spaces are deteriorated progressively abandoned by most people (who no longer leave their homes for fear of the gangs), these same spaces are gradually being abandoned by people employed by criminals.
The broken windows theory was first applied in the mid 80s in the metro New York, which had become the most dangerous spot in town. It began by tackling small transgressions: graffiti decaying place, dirt of the seasons, drunkenness among the public to pay passage evasion, petty theft and disorder. The results were evident. Starting at the small we were able to make the subway a safer place.
Later, in 1994, Rudolph Giuliani, mayor of New York, based on the broken windows theory and experience from meter, drove a policy of 'Zero Tolerance'.
The strategy was to create communities clean and orderly, not allowing violations to the law and norms of urban life.
The practical result was a huge decrease in all crime rates in New York City.
The term 'Zero Tolerance' sounds like a kind of solution authoritarian and repressive, but its main concept is much more to prevention and promotion of social security. It is not lynch the offender and arrogance of the police, in fact, about the abuses of authority should also apply zero tolerance.
There is zero tolerance in relation to the person who commits the crime, but zero tolerance to self delito. This is to create communities clean, orderly, respectful of the law and basic codes of human social life."
SOURCE: On-Line
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